Radio frequency identification readers, methods and computer program products for adjusting a query command slot-counter parameter q

ABSTRACT

RFID readers and methods for adjusting a query command slot-count parameter Q for use by radio frequency identification (RFID) tag reader in an RFID tag inventory round are provided. A method for adjusting a query command slot-count parameter Q for use by an RFID tag reader includes setting an initial value for Q for a first inventory round, issuing a query command to a population of RFID tags, and monitoring replies from the population of RFID tags. The value of Q is decreased by a first amount if no reply is received, and the value of Q is increased by a second amount different from the first amount if a tag collision reply is received.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/679,058, filed Apr. 6, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,405,943, which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/323,996, filed Nov.26, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,000,891, all of which are hereinincorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates generally to Radio FrequencyIdentification (RFID) tags and readers, and more particularly, tomethods and apparatus for inventorying an RFID tag population.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) has existed for many years. RFIDtechnology is currently being used in many diverse fields includingsupply chain management, homeland security, military deploymentmanagement, the healthcare industry and the airline industry. Aconventional RFID system consists of RFID tags or transponders, RFIDreaders or interrogators, and a database. Each RFID tag consists of amicrochip and an embedded antenna that contains a unique identity orElectronic Product Code (EPC). An object or item having an RFID tagaffixed thereto is identified when the RFID tag is interrogated by anRFID reader. RFID tags may be classified into active tags, semi-activetags, and passive tags, depending on whether they have embedded power ornot and what the embedded power is used for.

An RFID reader conventionally has more than one separate antenna and isresponsible for reading RFID tags in the vicinity thereof. Thecommunication between an RFID reader and an RFID tag is established byan air-interface protocol that provides operation modes and proceduresfor both reader-to-tag and tag-to-reader directions. The air-interfaceprotocol defines the command format, provides synchronous timing betweenthe reader and tags, and determines how the frequency and time resourcemay be shared by an RFID reader and RFID tags.

Each record of RFID raw data may contain information such as readingtime, location, and tag EPC. In business environments, such as adistribution center, many pallets, cases and products having RFID tagsattached thereto may arrive during a very short time period and,therefore, massive RFID data flow may be produced. This RFID datatypically needs to be managed in an efficient and timely manner. RFIDreaders usually store some raw data at the front-end of the readingprocess, producing a filtered RFID database at the end of aninterrogation cycle. Conventionally, RFID tags and RFID readers form afront-end communication subsystem, while a database is part of aback-end software subsystem, as shown in FIG. 1.

In the environment shown in FIG. 1, each RFID reader can onlyinterrogate RFID tags within its vicinity or interrogation region. Whenmultiple RFID tags are present within an interrogation region, there arechances that reply signals from these RFID tags may occur simultaneouslyresulting in “tag collisions.” The conventional way to resolve tagcollisions is to let an RFID reader repeatedly send query commands aftertag collisions occur and instruct the RFID tags or some of them torespond again. The process of RFID tag identification can be viewed as achain of cycles or rounds. In each cycle, the RFID reader sends manyquery commands to identify all existing RFID tags (i.e., all RFID tagswithin an interrogation region). Within each cycle, an RFID tag that hasalready been identified will not respond again unless a new cycle isbeginning and the RFID reader resets the operations. Because of tagcollisions, it may be difficult to identify all existing RFID tags inone cycle. As such, multiple consecutive cycles may be required toguarantee that all or most of the existing RFID tags are successfullyidentified.

Existing protocols for resolving tag collisions may be classified intotwo kinds: Tree-Walking-based deterministic algorithms and Aloha-likerandom algorithms. Tree-Walking-based protocols basically work asfollows. An RFID reader sends a first command to query existing RFIDtags within an interrogation region. In response, existing RFID tags inthe interrogation region respond to the RFID reader. If a tag collisionoccurs due to more than one RFID tag responding simultaneously, the RFIDreader splits the RFID tags into several subsets and sends querycommands to query these subsets one-by-one. In a binary tree protocol,each splitting generates two new subsets. If tag collisions continue tooccur when querying a subset, the RFID reader splits this subset furtherinto new smaller subsets and again queries these new smaller subsetsone-by-one. The splitting is recursively performed until there is onlyone RFID tag in a new subset and this RFID tag will be successfullyidentified without any tag collision. By repeating these operations, theRFID reader can identify all RFID tags within an interrogation region.However, because the number of required query commands is dependent onthe number of existing RFID tags, this protocol may have limited value.

In conventional Aloha protocol, each RFID tag independently determinesits own transmission time, which is a random value, and the transmissioncan start at any time. If an RFID tag is notified of a collision, itwill re-select a random time and attempt retransmission. Unfortunately,conventional Aloha protocol may have low throughput. However, anotherAloha protocol, referred to as slotted Aloha protocol, may have higherthroughput. In slotted Aloha protocol, time is divided into a sequenceof slots and each RFID tag can only start its transmission at thebeginning of a slot. The Aloha-based anti-collision algorithms for RFIDtags are similar to Framed Slotted Aloha (FSA). In FSA, time is dividedinto cycles. Each cycle has two parts. The first or control part mayhave a constant size and is used for RFID reader-to-tag communications.An RFID reader transmits a query command which contains controlinformation to RFID tags within this part. The second or frame part isused for RFID tag-to-reader communications, which consists of a set ofslots, which are competed for by RFID tags to send their replies to theRFID reader.

A slotted Aloha-like anti-collision algorithm has been proposed forresolving tag collisions. This algorithm, referred to as EPCglobal RFIDGeneration-2 (Gen-2) protocol, has an important parameter Q, whichdetermines the maximal number of slots as 2_(Q). In order to make Qadaptively follow the changing number of participating RFID tags, Gen-2designs an adaptive slot-count (Q) selection algorithm, called adaptiveQ algorithm. This algorithm works as follows. When there is no replyfrom RFID tags, the RFID reader tries to decrease Q. When there is acollided reply, the reader tries to increase Q. However, the algorithmchanges the value of Q with the same amount whether there is a “collidedreply” or “no reply” from the RFID tags. Unfortunately, this approachmay lead to the same probability with which a collided reply and noreply may happen and, in turn, RFID tag identification speed may bereduced.

SUMMARY

RFID readers and methods for adjusting a query command slot-countparameter Q for use by a radio frequency identification (RFID) tagreader in an RFID tag inventory round are provided. According to someembodiments, a method for adjusting a query command slot-count parameterQ for use by an RFID tag reader includes setting an initial value for Qfor a first inventory round, issuing a query command to a population ofRFID tags, and monitoring replies from the population of RFID tags. Thevalue of Q for use in a second inventory round is adjusted by a firstamount if no reply is received, and by a second amount different fromthe first amount if a tag collision reply is received during the firstinventory round.

In some embodiments, the value of Q is decreased by a first amount if noreply is received, and the value of Q is increased by a second amountdifferent from the first amount if a tag collision reply is received. Insome embodiments the first amount is less than the second amount. Insome embodiments, the first amount is 0.1, and the second amount is thelesser of 1.0 and the value of the formula (0.1)*(Ave_T_(coll)/Ave_Tithe). Ave_T_(coll) is the average duration of acollided reply from the population of tags, and Ave_T_(idle) is theaverage duration of no reply from the population of tags.

According to some embodiments, an RFID reader includes an RFIDcontroller, a transceiver coupled to the RFID controller, and at leastone RF antenna coupled to the transceiver. The RF antenna transmitscommands received from the RFID controller via the transceiver andreceives responses from a population of RFID tags. The RFID controlleris configured to set an initial value for Q for a first inventory round,issue a query command to a population of RFID tags, monitor replies fromthe population of RFID tags, and adjust the value of Q for use in asecond inventory round by a first amount if no reply is received, and bya second amount different from the first amount if a tag collision replyis received during the first inventory round.

In some embodiments, the controller decreases the value of Q by a firstamount if no reply is received and the controller increases the value ofQ by a second amount that is different from the first amount if a tagcollision reply is received. In some embodiments, the first amount isless than the second amount. In some embodiments, the first amount is0.1, and the second amount is the lesser of 1.0 and the value of theformula (0.1) * (Ave_T_(coll)/Ave_T_(idle)). The RFID reader may includea memory that is arranged to store the initial Q value and anysubsequent Q values.

The enhanced slot-count algorithm, according to embodiments, updates Qfaster when a collided reply occurs than when there is no reply. Analgorithm according to embodiments achieves better performance than theGen-2 adaptive Q algorithm in terms of tag identification speed. Inaddition, embodiments can seamlessly be integrated into Gen-2 protocolsince it does not make any change to tags and the only requirement isparameter configuration at the RFID reader.

Other systems, methods, and/or computer program products according toexemplary embodiments will be or become apparent to one with skill inthe art upon review of the following drawings and detailed description.It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, and/orcomputer program products be included within this description, be withinthe scope of the present invention, and be protected by the accompanyingclaims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which form a part of the specification,illustrate some exemplary embodiments. The drawings and descriptiontogether serve to fully explain the exemplary embodiments.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram that illustrates a conventional RFIDarchitecture.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram that illustrates RFID tag identificationprocess and timing relationship in the Gen-2 protocol.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of operations for a conventional Gen-2 adaptive Qalgorithm.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart of operations for a Gen-2 adaptive Q algorithm,according to some embodiments.

FIGS. 5A-5D illustrate that the Gen-2 adaptive Q algorithm, according tosome embodiments, achieves higher RFID tag identification speed thanconventional Gen-2 adaptive Q algorithms.

FIG. 6 illustrates the ratio of the number of collided replies (N_(c))over the number of idle replies (N_(i)) for conventional Gen-2 adaptiveQ algorithms and for the Gen-2 adaptive Q algorithm, according to someembodiments.

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary controller and memory that may be usedby an RFID reader, according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications andalternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way ofexample in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. Itshould be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit theinvention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, theinvention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternativesfalling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by theclaims. Like reference numbers signify like elements throughout thedescription of the figures.

As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless expressly stated otherwise. Itshould be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or“comprising” when used in this specification are taken to specify thepresence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, and/orcomponents, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or moreother features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groupsthereof. It will be understood that when an element is referred to asbeing “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directlyconnected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may bepresent. Furthermore, “connected” or “coupled” as used herein mayinclude wirelessly connected or coupled. As used herein, the term“and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of theassociated listed items and may be abbreviated as “/”.

Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientificterms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by oneof ordinary skill in the art. It will be further understood that terms,such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should beinterpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning inthe context of the relevant art and will not be interpreted in anidealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. maybe used herein to describe various elements, these elements should notbe limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish oneelement from another.

Exemplary embodiments are described below with reference to blockdiagrams and/or flowchart illustrations of methods, apparatus (systemsand/or devices) and/or computer program products. It is understood thata block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, andcombinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchartillustrations, can be implemented by computer program instructions.These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of ageneral purpose computer, special purpose computer, and/or otherprogrammable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such thatthe instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer and/orother programmable data processing apparatus, create means(functionality) and/or structure for implementing the functions/actsspecified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in acomputer-readable memory that can direct a computer or otherprogrammable data processing apparatus to function in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readablememory produce an article of manufacture including instructions whichimplement the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/orflowchart block or blocks.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer orother programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series ofoperational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmableapparatus to produce a computer-implemented process such that theinstructions which execute on the computer or other programmableapparatus provide steps for implementing the functions/acts specified inthe block diagrams and/or flowchart block or blocks.

Accordingly, exemplary embodiments may be implemented in hardware and/orin software (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.).Furthermore, exemplary embodiments may take the form of a computerprogram product on a computer-usable or computer-readable storage mediumhaving computer-usable or computer-readable program code embodied in themedium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system.In the context of this document, a computer-usable or computer-readablemedium may be any medium that can contain, store, communicate,propagate, or transport the program for use by or in connection with theinstruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

The computer-usable or computer-readable medium may be, for example butnot limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic,infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or propagationmedium. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of thecomputer-readable medium would include the following: an electricalconnection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, arandom access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasableprogrammable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber,and a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM). Note that thecomputer-usable or computer-readable medium could even be paper oranother suitable medium upon which the program is printed, as theprogram can be electronically captured, via, for instance, opticalscanning of the paper or other medium, then compiled, interpreted, orotherwise processed in a suitable manner, if necessary, and then storedin a computer memory.

Computer program code for carrying out operations of data processingsystems discussed herein may be written in a high-level programminglanguage, such as Python, Java, AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript), C,and/or C++, for development convenience. In addition, computer programcode for carrying out operations of exemplary embodiments may also bewritten in other programming languages, such as, but not limited to,interpreted languages. Some modules or routines may be written inassembly language or even micro-code to enhance performance and/ormemory usage. However, embodiments are not limited to a particularprogramming language. It will be further appreciated that thefunctionality of any or all of the program modules may also beimplemented using discrete hardware components, one or more applicationspecific integrated circuits (ASICs), or a programmed digital signalprocessor or microcontroller.

It should also be noted that in some alternate implementations, thefunctions/acts noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted inthe flowcharts. For example, two blocks shown in succession may in factbe executed substantially concurrently or the blocks may sometimes beexecuted in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/actsinvolved. Moreover, the functionality of a given block of the flowchartsand/or block diagrams may be separated into multiple blocks and/or thefunctionality of two or more blocks of the flowcharts and/or blockdiagrams may be at least partially integrated.

Gen-2 protocol is an air-interface protocol that includes physical andmedia access control (MAC) specifications for UHF RFID passive tags,which operates in the range of 860 MHz to 960 MHz. This protocolprovides advanced features that are designed for fast RFID tagidentification, flexibility, and security. The Gen-2 protocol canpartition an RFID tag population within an interrogation region intodistinct sub-populations so that RFID tags can associate separately andindependently with each of a plurality of RFID readers. RFID readers(interrogators) support, and RFID tags provide, four sessions denotedS0, S1, S2, and S3. RFID tags participate in one and only one sessionduring an inventory round. Two or more RFID readers can use sessions toindependently inventory a common RFID tag population. RFID readersmanage RFID tag populations using three basic operations: Select,Inventory, and Access. Each of these operations consists of one or morecommands. Select commands select a particular RFID tag population priorto Inventory. Inventory commands facilitate inventorying/identifyingRFID tags prior to Access. Access commands are used to read from orwrite to individual RFID tags. With Gen-2, capacity of a radio linkbetween the RFID tags and the RFID reader can be adjusted. For example,Gen-2 offers various tag-to-reader data rates (referred to as “TRrate”)through using flexible and configurable modulation in the tag-to-readerdirection. Gen-2 provides 32-bit password protected access control anddesigns Kill and Lock commands for security consideration.

Referring to FIG. 3, the RFID tag identification process under Gen-2consists of a number of inventory rounds. An inventory round is definedas the period between successive Query commands issued by an RFIDreader. Thus, the issuing of a new Query command (Block 104) implies theending of a current inventory round and the beginning of new inventoryround. An RFID reader can issue a Query command when the system ispowered up or when the channel is idle; therefore, if there are no RFIDtags identified in a particular round, the RFID reader can issue a Querycommand to start a new inventory round. During each inventory round, theRFID reader issues a set of QueryAdjust, or QueryRep commands toidentify RFID tags within an interrogation region. When an RFID tag isidentified in a particular inventory round, the RFID tag will cease torespond to commands from the RFID reader in the same round.

Each time there is an inventory round, a parameter is used that iscalled the Query command slot-count parameter “Q”. An RFID tag readercommunicates Q to the RFID tags in a population, and the RFID tags use Qto respond. In particular, each RFID tag uses its random numbergeneration for Q to arrive at a binary number between 0 and 2^(Q−)1.Some RFID tags may choose the same number. Some numbers may not bechosen by any RFID tags.

The term “slot” refers to the available numbers between 0 and 2^(Q−)1,which may be chosen by the RFID tags. Once the contents corresponding tothe slots are generated based on RFID tag replies (chosen by one or moreRFID tags, or not chosen), the RFID reader can evaluate the slots anddetermine a new Q. Then, the reader requests another round of randomnumbers from the tags based on the new Q until all tags are inventoried.

Gen-2 protocol defines three types of query commands: Query,QueryAdjust, and QueryRep. The Query command carries the value ofparameter Q and initiates an inventory round. The Query command triggerseach RFID tag to select a random number and store it in its Slot Counter(SC) (Block 116). The QueryAdjust command is used to instruct all RFIDtags to adjust the value of Q (Block 110), reselect a new random number,and update their SC (Block 112). With the QueryAdjust command, Q iseither incremented by 1, decremented by 1, or remains unchanged. TheQueryRep command is used by an RFID reader to notify all tags todecrement their SC by 1 (Block 114). Those RFID tags which contain SC=0,will decrement to 7FFF. In summary, the Query and QueryAdjust commandsinform all RFID tags of the latest Q value and trigger them to reselectSC (Blocks 118, 112), while the QueryRep command instructs RFID tags todecrement their SC by 1 (Block 114).

The sending of a Query command by an RFID reader (Block 104) impliesthat a new inventory round has begun. Within an inventory round, severalQueryAdjust and/or QueryRep commands can be transmitted by an RFIDreader in order to identify the remaining RFID tags. A Query command canbe issued when the system is powered on or if there are no replies fromthe RFID tags. Both the QueryAdjust and QueryRep commands can be issuedeither after an RFID tag is successfully identified, or a channel is incollision.

The basic operations of an RFID tag identification process under Gen-2is illustrated in FIG. 2 and are summarized below:

Reader→Tags: An RFID reader initiates the process of an inventory roundby sending a Query command (Block 104, FIG. 3) to the population of RFIDtags it has selected to participate in the round. The Query commandsends an integer-valued parameter Q and instructs the RFID tags toindependently select a random integer from the uniform distribution [0,2−1] and respond a 16-bit random number (RN16) to the RFID reader if 0is chosen. The RFID reader waits for replies from the RFID tags.

Tags→Reader: RFID tags' responses to the RFID reader lead to either aSuccess (S) or a Failure (F). It is a Success if exactly one RFID taghas selected number 0 (Block 120, FIG. 3), and thus, that RFID tag hasbeing identified by the RFID reader. Otherwise, it is a Failure and noRFID tag has been identified.

Reader⇄Tag: If Success, then the RFID reader sends an acknowledgement(ACK) command back to the identified RFID tag. The identified RFID tagprocesses the received ACK command and reports its EPC back to the RFIDreader.

Reader→Tags: Whether either Success or Failure, the RFID readercontinues with new query commands (Query, QueryAdjust, or QueryRep)(Block 108, FIG. 3) to identify remaining and newly arriving RFID tags.

How RFID tags respond to the RFID reader is dependent on and controlledby the RFID reader's commands. Since all RFID tags respondindependently, collisions could occur among RFID tags' responses to theRFID reader. For this reason, a slotted random anti-collision algorithmis used to resolve collisions. The following is a summary of the Gen-2slotted random anti-collision algorithm. Upon receiving a Query orQueryAdjust command, each RFID tag deposits an integer-valued number inits slot counter, which is an integer selected at random from a uniformdistribution [0, 2^(Q)−1], where Q is an integer-valued parameter. Qvaries in the [0, 15] range, and is designated and adjusted by the RFIDreader. The value of Q is embedded in the Query command, and updatedusing the QueryAdjust command (Block 110, FIG. 3). After selecting therandom number, RFID tags which have SC=0 respond to the RFID readercommand (Block 120, FIG. 3). As shown in FIG. 2, if there is a collidedor successful reply (Block 124, FIG. 3), the RFID reader continues toissue QueryRep or QueryAdjust; if there is no reply, the RFID readercould send a Query, QueryAdjust, or a QueryRep command. These commandswill instruct unidentified RFID tags to either reselect or reduce theirSC, or to restart and choose a new SC with a new Q value.

The conventional adaptive Q algorithm shown in FIG. 3 is used by an RFIDreader to update Q based on “Successful Reply”, “Collided Reply” or “NoReply.” The RFID reader triggers the algorithm as soon as it receiveseither a “Reply” or its waiting time T1+T3 has expired without a replyfrom the RFID tags (“No Reply”). The “Reply” is either a “SuccessfulReply” or a “Collided Reply.” Q_(fp) denotes the float-pointrepresentation of Q. The value of Q is determined based on the integernearest to Qfp. The detailed operation is as follows.

Successful Reply: This means that only one RFID tag has selected SC=0and that the current value of Q seems optimal. In this case, Q_(fp) andQ remains unchanged (Block 130).

Collided Reply: This is due to the fact that more than one RFID tag hasselected SC=0, which in turn could imply that Q is too small and thatthe number of remaining RFID tags is too large. In this case Q_(fp) isincremented by the value of parameter c, a real number (Block 126).After this operation, if Q_(fp) exceeds 15, it is set to 15. The valueof Q is the integer that is nearest to Qfp, that is: Q=round (Q_(fp))(Block 102).

No Reply: This can be due to the fact that none of the RFID tags hasselected SC=0, which in turn could imply that Q is too large and thatthe number of remaining RFID tags is too small. In this case Q_(fp) isdecremented by the same value of the parameter c (the same value as thatof the Collided Reply) (Block 128). After this operation, if Q_(fp) isnegative, Qfp=0. Then the value of Q is Q=round (Q_(fp)) (Block 102).

As illustrated in FIG. 3, the initial value of Q is Q0=4 (Block 100).The typical values for c are in the range of (0.1, 0.5) (Block 100). Asmall c value is used when Q is large and a large c value is used when Qis small. Since c<1, there are three possibilities after each update: Qincrements by 1, Q decrements by 1, or Q remain unchanged. The RFIDreader uses the QueryAdjust command to notify tags of the updated Q.

The term Nc is used to denote the number of collided replies in aninventory round and the term Ni is used to denote how many times noreply occurs in a round. The terms T_(coll) and T_(idle) represent theduration of a collided reply and the duration of no reply, respectively.As shown in FIG. 2, T_(coll) and T_(idle) can be written as:

T _(coll) =Tq+T1+T _(RN) +T2,   (1)

T _(idle) =Tq+T1+T3,   (2)

where T1 is the time from RFID reader transmission to RFID tag response;T2 is the time from RFID tag response to RFID reader transmission; T3 isthe time the RFID reader waits, after T1, before it issues another querycommand. T1, T2 and T3 are three constants and their typical values aregiven in Table 1 below. T_(RN) is the time taken to transmit a 16-bitrandom number (RN) from an RFID tag to an RFID reader includingTag-to-Reader Preamble (TRPRE) and End-of-Signaling (TREOS). Tq inequations (1) and (2) above is the time taken by the RFID reader to sendout a query command including reader-to-tag Preamble (RTPRE) or FrameSync Sequence (RTFSS). Because Gen-2 defines three types of querycommands that have different bit length, Tq could have three differentvalues: Tq1, Tq2 and Tq3, which denote the transmission time of a Query,QueryRep and QueryAdjust command, respectively. As a result, eitherTcoll or Tidle could have three different values in an inventory round.The arithmetic average is used to calculate the mean value of Tcoll andTidle as follows:

Ave_T _(coll)=(Tq2+Tq3)/2+T1+T _(RN) +T2,   (3)

Ave_T _(idle)=(Tq2+Tq3)/2+T1+T3,   (4)

In equations (3) and (4), the assumption is made that there is the samenumber of QueryRep and QueryAdjust in an inventory round. The Querycommand is neglected since only one Query is issued during eachinventory round. According to Gen-2, Tq2, Tq3, and T_(RN) are calculatedas:

Tq2=RTPRE+RTFSS+L _(QueryRep)/RTrate,   (5)

Tq3=RTPRE+RTFSS+L _(QueryAdjust)/RTrate,   (6)

T _(RN)=TRPRE+TREOS+L _(RN16)/TRrate,   (7)

where RTrate stands for reader-to-tag data rate and TRrate denotestag-to-reader data rate. L_(QueryRep) (=4 bits) is the length ofQueryRep command; L_(QueryAdjust) (=9 bits) is the length of QueryAdjustcommand; L_(RN16) (=16 bits) is the length of RN16 message. The valuesof RTPRE (or R=>T Preamble (RTP)), RTFSS, (or R=>T FrameSync), TRPRE,(or T=>R Preamble) and TREOS (or T=>R End-of-Signaling) are given inTable 1 below.

According to Gen-2 protocol, “T_(RN)+T2” is usually larger than “T3”.Therefore, T_(coll) (or Ave_T_(coll)) is longer than T_(idle) (orAve_T_(ide)). Since T_(idle) is smaller than T_(coll), Q can be adjustedin a way to increase the number of idle replies (N_(i)) while decreasingthe number of collided replies (N_(c)), thereby improving RFID tagidentification speed.

Referring to FIG. 4, a Gen-2 adaptive Q algorithm (Blocks 126′-130′),according to some embodiments, is illustrated. In FIG. 4, Q is adjustedin a manner similar to that illustrated in FIG. 3 with the followingchanges: 1) when there is no reply, Q_(fp)=Q_(fp)-c1 (Block 128′); 2)when there is a collided reply, Q_(fp)=Q_(fp)+c2 (Block 126′); and 3)when there is a successful reply, Q_(fp)=Q_(fp) (Block 130′). Here, c1and c2 are determined as follows:

c1=0.1,   (8)

c2=min (1.0, c1*Ave_T _(coll)/Ave_T _(idle)).   (9)

In conventional Gen-2, c1=c2=c. However, according to exemplaryembodiments, c2>c1. This makes it easy for an RFID reader to obtainAve_T_(coll) and Ave_T_(idle) and to calculate c2. As such, according toexemplary embodiments, no change is imposed on RFID tags and no overloadis imposed at the RFID reader.

TABLE 1 Parameters Value TARI 12.5 us DATA0 1.0*TARI = 12.5 us DATA11.5*TARI = 18.75 us RTrate 64 Kbps RTcal 31.25 us TRcal 62.5 us DR 8 LFDR/TRcal = 128 KHz M 1, 2, 4, 8 TRate LF/M = 128, 64, 32, 16 KbpsT_(pri) 1/LF T => R Preamble 6*T_(pri) T => R End-of-Signaling 2*T_(pri)Delimiter 12.5 us R => T Preamble (RTP) Delimiter + DATA0 + RTcal +TRcal R => T FrameSync RTP − TRcal T₁ Max(RTcal, 10*T_(pri)) T₂5*T_(pri) T₃ 5*T_(pri) EPC 96 bits Q₀ 4

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Simulations were setup as follows: 1) RTrate is fixed at 64 Kbps andTRrate has four values −16, 32, 64, and 128 Kbps; 2) The number of RFIDtags Nt varies between 10 and 1000; below Nt=400, increments are 10while between Nt=400 and 1000 the increments are 50. All Nt tags areidentified in one inventory round; 3) channel with zero bit error rateis assumed; 4) when there is a collided reply, the RFID reader sendsQueryAdjust; when there is a successful reply, the RFID reader issuesQueryRep; when there is no reply, the RFID reader uses QueryRep if Q hasno change or QueryAdjust if Q gets changed. The typical values of othersystem parameters are given in Table 1 above.

RFID tag identification speed (TIS) is defined as the ratio of the totalnumber of identified RFID tags over the total time consumed. One hundred(100) rounds were run for each given Nt and the mean value was taken. Asshown in FIGS. 5A-5D and 6, the exemplary embodiments achieve higherRFID tag identification speed than the Gen-2 adaptive Q algorithm,especially when the number of RFID tags is large. In addition, FIG. 6depicts the ratio of Nc over Ni for Gen-2 and the algorithm according toexemplary embodiments, respectively. In Gen-2, Nc and Ni are close andnearly identical when the number of RFID tags are large. According toexemplary embodiments, Nc is much smaller than Ni, which leads to ahigher TIS.

FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary processor 200 and memory 202 that may beused by an RFID reader, according to some embodiments. The processor 200communicates with the memory 202 via an address/data bus 204. Theprocessor 200 may be, for example, a commercially available or custommicroprocessor. The memory 202 is representative of the overallhierarchy of memory devices containing the software and data used toimplement a controller for adjusting a query command slot-countparameter Q for use by an RFID tag reader in an RFID tag inventoryround, in accordance with some embodiments. The memory 202 may include,but is not limited to, the following types of devices: cache, ROM, PROM,EPROM, EEPROM, flash, SRAM, and DRAM.

As shown in FIG. 7, the memory 202 may hold various categories ofsoftware and data: an operating system 206, and a Gen-2 adaptive Qalgorithm module 208. The operating system 206 controls operations ofthe controller for adjusting a query command slot-count parameter Q foruse by an RFID tag reader in an RFID tag inventory round. In particular,the operating system 206 may manage the resources of a device or systemsand may coordinate execution of various programs (e.g., the Gen-2adaptive Q algorithm module 208, etc.) by the processor 200.

The Gen-2 adaptive Q algorithm module 208 comprises logic for increasingor decreasing the value of Q based on RFID tag replies during aninventory round, as described above.

Many variations and modifications can be made to the preferredembodiments without substantially departing from the principles of thepresent invention. All such variations and modifications are intended tobe included herein within the scope of the present invention, as setforth in the following claims.

1. A method comprising: issuing, via a processor, a query commandcomprising an initial value for a query command slot-count parameter fora first inventory round to a plurality of radio frequency identificationtags; identifying, via the processor, replies from the plurality ofradio frequency identification tags; and adjusting, via the processor,the initial value of the query command slot-count parameter for use in asecond inventory round by a first amount if no reply is received for thequery command that is issued, and by a second amount different from thefirst amount if a tag collision reply is received for the query commandthat is issued, wherein the second amount is a lesser of 1.0 and a valueof a formula (0.1)*(Ave_Tcoll/Ave_Tidle), wherein Ave_Tcoll is anaverage duration of a collided reply from the plurality of radiofrequency identification tags, and wherein Ave_Tidle is an averageduration of no reply from the plurality of radio frequencyidentification tags, wherein the Ave_T coll is in a range of 581microseconds to less than 1456 microseconds.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the adjusting the initial value of the query command slot-countparameter by the first amount when no reply is received comprisesdecreasing the initial value of the query command slot-count parameter.3. The method of claim 1, wherein the adjusting the initial value of thequery command slot-count parameter by the second amount when the tagcollision reply is received comprises increasing the initial value ofthe query command slot-count parameter.
 4. The method of claim 1,wherein the first amount is less than the second amount.
 5. The methodof claim 1, further comprising: storing in a memory the initial value ofthe query command slot-count parameter and subsequent values of thequery command slot-count parameter.
 6. The method of claim 1, whereinthe adjusting comprises decreasing the initial value of the querycommand slot-count parameter for use in the second inventory round bythe first amount when no reply is received for the query command that isissued.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the adjusting comprisesincreasing the initial value of the query command slot-count parameterfor use in the second inventory round by the second amount when the tagcollision reply is received for the query command that is issued,wherein the first amount is less than the second amount.
 8. The methodof claim 1, wherein the processor decreases the initial value of thequery command slot-count parameter when no reply is received.
 9. Atangible computer readable medium storing a plurality of instructionswhich, when executed by a processor, causes the processor to performoperations, the operations comprising: issuing a query commandcomprising an initial value for a query command slot-count parameter fora first inventory round to a plurality of radio frequency identificationtags; identifying replies from the plurality of radio frequencyidentification tags; and adjusting the initial value of the querycommand slot-count parameter for use in a second inventory round by afirst amount if no reply is received for the query command that isissued, and by a second amount different from the first amount if a tagcollision reply is received for the query command that is issued,wherein the second amount is a lesser of 1.0 and a value of a formula(0.1)*(Ave_Tcoll/Ave_Tidle), wherein Ave_Tcoll is an average duration ofa collided reply from the plurality of radio frequency identificationtags, and wherein Ave_Tidle is an average duration of no reply from theplurality of radio frequency identification tags, wherein the Ave_T collis in a range of 581 microseconds to less than 1456 microseconds. 10.The tangible computer readable medium of claim 9, wherein the adjustingcomprises decreasing the initial value of the query command slot-countparameter for use in the second inventory round by the first amount whenno reply is received for the query command that is issued.
 11. Thetangible computer readable medium of claim 9, wherein the adjustingcomprises increasing the initial value of the query command slot-countparameter for use in the second inventory round by the second amountwhen the tag collision reply is received for the query command that isissued, wherein the first amount is less than the second amount.
 12. Thetangible computer readable medium of claim 9, wherein the first amountis less than the second amount.
 13. The tangible computer readablemedium of claim 9, wherein the adjusting the initial value of the querycommand slot-count parameter by the first amount when no reply isreceived comprises decreasing the initial value of the query commandslot-count parameter.
 14. The tangible computer readable medium of claim9, wherein the adjusting the initial value of the query commandslot-count parameter by the second amount wherein the tag collisionreply is received comprises increasing the initial value of the querycommand slot-count parameter.
 15. The tangible computer readable mediumof claim 9, further comprising: storing in a memory the initial value ofthe query command slot-count parameter and subsequent values of thequery command slot-count parameter.
 16. A radio frequency identificationreader, comprising: a processor of a radio frequency identificationcontroller; a transceiver coupled to the radio frequency identificationcontroller; a radio frequency antenna coupled to the transceiver;wherein the radio frequency antenna transmits a command received fromthe processor of the radio frequency identification controller via thetransceiver and receives responses from a plurality of radio frequencyidentification tags; and wherein the processor of the radio frequencyidentification controller performs operations, the operationscomprising: issuing a query command comprising an initial value for aquery command slot-count parameter for a first inventory round to aplurality of radio frequency identification tags; identifying repliesfrom the plurality of radio frequency identification tags; and adjustingthe initial value of the query command slot-count parameter for use in asecond inventory round by a first amount if no reply is received for thequery command that is issued, and by a second amount different from thefirst amount if a tag collision reply is received for the query commandthat is issued, wherein the second amount is a lesser of 1.0 and a valueof a formula (0.1)*(Ave_Tcoll/Ave_Tidle), wherein Ave_Tcoll is anaverage duration of a collided reply from the plurality of radiofrequency identification tags, and wherein Ave_Tidle is an averageduration of no reply from the plurality of radio frequencyidentification tags, wherein the Ave_T coll is in a range of 581microseconds to less than 1456 microseconds.
 17. The radio frequencyidentification reader of claim 16, wherein the controller decreases theinitial value of the query command slot-count parameter when no reply isreceived.
 18. The radio frequency identification reader of claim 16,wherein the controller increases the initial value of the query commandslot-count parameter when the tag collision reply is received.
 19. Theradio frequency identification reader of claim 16, wherein the firstamount is less than the second amount.
 20. The radio frequencyidentification reader of claim 16, further comprising: a memory forstoring the initial value of the query command slot-count parameter andsubsequent values of the query command slot-count parameter.